Chú thích Kristina của Thụy Điển

  1. With the titles of Queen of the Swedes, Goths (or Geats) and Wends[2] (Suecorum, Gothorum Vandalorumque Regina);[3] Grand Princess of Finland, and Duchess of Estonia, LivoniaKarelia,[4] Bremen-Verden, Stettin, Pomerania, < and Vandalia,[5] Princess of Rugia, Lady of Ingria and of Wismar.[6]
  2. Both were buried in Riddarholmskyrkan in Stockholm.
  3. She was married to John Casimir, Count Palatine of Kleeburg, and moved home to Sweden after the outbreak of the Thirty Years' war. Their children were Maria Eufrosyne, who later married one of Christina's close friends Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie, and Karl Gustav, who inherited the throne after Christina.
  4. Letters still exist, written by her in German to her father when she was five. When the ambassador of France, Pierre Hector Chanut, arrived in Stockholm in 1645, he stated admiringly, "She talks French as if she was born in the Louvre!" (According to B. Guilliet she spoke with a sort of Liège dialect.)
  5. There are seven gold coins known to exist bearing the effigy of Queen Christina: a unique 1649 five ducat,[25] and six 1645 10 ducat specimen.[26]
  6. Over time there have been speculations regarding the death of the philosopher.[41] Theodor Ebert claimed that Descartes did not meet his end by being exposed to the harsh Swedish winter climate, as philosophers have been fond of repeating, but by arsenic poisoning.[42][43] It has been suggested Descartes was an obstacle to Christina's becoming a true Catholic.[44]
  7. Petrus Kirstenius was invited by Axel Oxenstierna to become a personal physician of Queen Christina of Sweden and Professor of Medicine at Uppsala University in 1636. Grégoire François Du Rietz became the physician in 1642. Around 1645? she appointed Benedict (Baruch) Nehamias de Castro from Hamburg as her Physician in ordinary. Wullenius was her physician since 1649, and when Descartes fell ill. Hermann Conring was invited in 1650, but he seems to have rejected the offer. Du Rietz was called when she suddenly collapsed in 1651. For an hour she seemed to be dead.In August 1651, she asked for the Council's permission to abdicate, but gave in to their pleas for her to retain the throne. In February 1652, the French doctor Pierre Bourdelot arrived in Stockholm.Otto Sperling (de), who was doctor at the household of Leonora Christine, met Christina in Sweden in the winter of 1653. In July 1654, the English physician Daniel Whistler returned to London. In Rome Giuseppe Francesco Borri came to see her in 1655 and after 1678 when he was released from prison; Cesare Macchiati traveled with her to Sweden, and was her physician until her death;[59] Romolo Spezioli after 1675.[60][61] Nikolaes Heinsius the Younger arrived in Rome in 1679, when he became her personal physician until about 1687.
  8. Alexandra was a confirmation name in 1654, chosen in honour of the reigning pope, Alexander VII, and one of her heroes, Alexander the Great. The pope had urged her to also add "Maria" in honour of the Virgin, but she refused.[78]
  9. Bernini đã trang trí cổng với phù hiệu của Christina bên dưới của Giáo hoàng Alexander. Ngày nay vẫn có thể đọc được dòng khắc Felici Faustoq Ingressui Anno Dom MDCLV ("mừng ngày đến mừng vui và phước lành vào năm 1655").
  10. Mazarin however found another arrangement to ensure peace; he strengthened this with a marriage arrangement between Louis XIV and his first cousin, Maria Theresa of Spain – the wedding took place in 1660. But this was unknown to Christina, who sent different messengers to Mazarin to remind him of their plan.
  11. From 2005 to 2011, her marble sarcophagus was positioned next to that of Pope John Paul II when his grave was moved.
  12. Christina was portrayed on a gilt and bronze medallion, supported by a crowned skull. Three reliefs below represented her relinquishment of the Swedish throne and abjugation of Protestantism at Innsbruck, the scorn of the nobility, and faith triumphing over heresy. It is an unromantic likeness, for she is given a double chin and a prominent nose with flaring nostrils.
  13. Her contemporary Samuel Pepys, for example, describes women riding horses in mannish clothing.

Tài liệu tham khảo

WikiPedia: Kristina của Thụy Điển http://womenshistory.about.com/od/rulerspre20th/p/... http://www.authorama.com/famous-affinities-of-hist... http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/115660/C... http://www.britannica.com/biography/Antonio-Vieira http://www.britannica.com/biography/Christina-quee... http://www.christies.com/LotFinder/LotDetailsPrint... http://news.coinupdate.com/kunker-auctions-preview... http://www.forgottenbooks.com/readbook_text/The_Co... http://www.forgottenbooks.com/readbook_text/The_Hi... http://www.jsnyc.com/season/kristina.htm